External and Internal Environmental Analysis Essay

External and internal environmental analysis is a critical component for an organization seeking to achieve its goals. The follow information within this paper presents a complete external environmental and an internal competitive environmental scan for JetBlue Airways. The information provided identifies and analyzes the most important external environmental factor in the remote, industry, and external operating environments. When addressing external environment it speaks to a set of forces and conditions outside the organization that can influence its performance. The most common forces include political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (or PESTEL). The paper will further identify and analyze the key internal strengths and weaknesses of JetBlue Airways. When addressing the internal environment it speaks to the key factors and forces within the organization affecting its operation. The internal strength and weaknesses will cover an assessment of the JetBlue Airway’s resources, their competitive position and possibilities within. Lastly the following will analyze the structure of JetBlue and how this affects organizational performance. External Environmental Factors For JetBlue external environmental factors cover political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal. The most important external environmental factors in the remote, industry, and external operating environment of JetBlue can be expanded through opportunities and threats. Opportunities encompass expansion, such as increasing routes and destinations within the U.S. Global expansion falls within expansion as well, while JetBlue has many successful partnerships with international airlines there is further potential abroad. Threats include fuel costs, advanced technology, and government relations. Fuel costs and advanced technology are almost synonymous. The increasing price of fuel in turn  increases operational costs. Advanced technology is a key factor in this space as well given new planes for example, have the technology to utilize less fuel in flight. Governmental regulations and legalities are another key threat for JetBlue. Airline regulations can increase expenses and potentially create inefficiency in operations in order to meet regulation requirements. Additionally, restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition can thwart expansion efforts. Internal Strengths and Weaknesses JetBlue is a pro at utilizing its resources and structure. As such, JetBlue has proven to be efficient in its internal environment. Out of the physical and human aspects of the internal environment JetBlue focuses on human as the key factor. JetBlue views its employees and their skills as the key to a successful structure by emphasizing elements of loyalty, satisfaction, service quality, productivity, capability, and output quality. JetBlue reflects a culture of employees that understand how to retain customers and can perform under various situations with an equally varied consumer base. In addition to human capital, JetBlue uses physical assets to set them apart from the rest. The airline fleet of JetBlue is very precisely selected. From its new Airbus A321 to its Airbus 320, JetBlue prides itself on comfort and luxury. Other perks offered by JetBlue include lower priced airfare compared to that of its competitors and in-flight entertainment options that succeed its competition. Internal weaknesses include a smaller base of destinations compared to its competitors, which could be viewed as a product of their smaller planes and perhaps weaker brand recognition given its newness in the airline market. The weakness can be strengthened with expanding their location/market base. Competitive Position Major players in the U.S. airline industry include Delta Air Lines, United Continental, American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and JetBlue Airways. In 2013 many consolidations reduced the number of top players, such as U.S. Airways with American West, Northwest with Delta, United with Continental, AirTrans with Southwest, and American with U.S. Airways. Those carries, including JetBlue and Alaska, account for more than 90% of the U.S. market share (Cederholm, 2013). With the number of competitors in times of low or  moderate industry growth, the competition increases as each one tries to woo the consumer base. JetBlue is still the new kid so it is hard to say if its resources are inimitable. JetBlue’s low cost operations are interrelated to other activities in the organization like human resource management and technology development. If JetBlue were to reinforce competencies, with its efficient low-cost operations, it can find a sustainable competitive advantage making it a non-imitable organization. JetBlue’s competitive advantage is built off of differentiation and cost leadership. Differentiation comes with a strong brand image. JetBlue provides this image through its customer service and various in-flight features such as increased legroom and entertainment options per seat. JetBlue achieves cost leadership through efficient operations. JetBlue’s new planes minimize fuel costs and increases revenue per flight. Not offering in flight meals allows for quick turnarounds and overall reduced costs. The differentiation strategy and its features do risk ease of imitation or differentiate ones brand past the point of consumer support. If JetBlue continues to employ a combination of these strategies it will have an increased approach in outperforming its rivals. Superior performance will come through combined low-cost services with a differentiated offering as JetBlue does. As JetBlue moves onward, the extent to which it can maintain the integration of low-cost and differentiation will determine whether its competitive advantage is sustainable. Structure The structure of JetBlue is likely very simple compared to its counterparts. The highest of quality in customer service, one style of plane, a focus on environment, all this reflects its culture. With the human aspect being their highest priority they put a lot of thought into how they hire, train, set expectations, and monitor their employee base. JetBlue trains employees, provides compensation (likely more giving than the competitors), and equally provides empowerment among its employee base. JetBlue Airways seeks to hire and train great people (human focus), develop purpose, vision, and values. JetBlue operates on a strong organizational culture, where one listens to its customers and employees, cultivates leadership, and provided incentive. Summary The airline industry is exposed to upturns and downturns with economy trends. With that a growing economy creates a greater demand for air travel, whereas a decrease in the economy means reduced demand and intensified competition. JetBlue has managed to maintain a quality brand as a newer airline, in the face of some significant challenges, such as the tragedy of 9/11. JetBlue Airways new planes, competitively low fares, non-unionized labor, thus far an effective business model, and strong emphasis on the human element, it remains to provide a foothold in them market as a solid competitor regardless of its external threats and internal weaknesses. References Cederholm, T. (2013, September 3). Overview: External factors that influence the airline industry. Retrieved May 31, 2015, from http://marketrealist.com/2014/09/must-know-external-factors-influencing-airline-industry/ JetBlue | Airline Tickets, Flights, and Airfare. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2015, from http://www.jetblue.com

AUSA Winter Symposium Essay

Question 2: Explain which of the six PPBE principles appear not to be followed in the reading F103RB, â€Å"General Odierno, AUSA Winter Symposium.†Ã‚  After reading General Raymond Odierno speech at the AUSA Winter Symposium, I believe there were two Army Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) principles appear not to be followed. I chose PPBE principle number one and number five, respectively. The PPBE principle number one states: â€Å"To provide essential focus on departmental policy and priorities for Army functional activities during all phases of PPBE.† In General Odierno speech at the AUSA Winter Symposium, his focus was on the entire Army, including all three components (Active, National Guard and Army Reserve) respectively. According to General Odierno, â€Å"By the end of FY17, the Army will decrease its end strength from 570,000 to 490,000 in the Active Army; from 358,000 to 353,500 in the National Guard; and from 206,000 t0 205,000 in the Army Reserve. Actually, the Army Reserve has already reduced themselves to 205,000. But it is not just about the numbers themselves; it is about reducing our end-strength over a deliberate and gradual ramp through the end of FY17. The number five PPBE principle states: â€Å"Through program execution, to —– Apply resources to achieve approved program objectives. Adjust resource requirements based on execution feedback.† MAJ Renata W. Hannah Lesson F103: Gen. Odierno AUSA Winter Symposium 15 December 2014 General Odierno did not discuss program execution, however; he did discuss the many challenges faced by the Army. General Odierno postulated â€Å"For over 236 years, the Army has overcome many challenges, but always continues to  answer our Nation’s call. Today we face another challenge – a global financial crisis on top of an already uncertain and increasingly complex environment in which we operate. As all of you are aware, probably better than I, the United States confronts a very large deficit problem, and we also know that sustaining the strength of our economy is a national security issue.†

Law in Higher Education (Affirmative Action in Higher Education) Research Paper

Law in Higher Education (Affirmative Action in Higher Education) - Research Paper Example A period of legal certainty is closely followed by a longer period of uncertainty. The objective of this paper is to critically analyze the place of affirmative action in higher education today. Key words: Affirmative action, compensation, discrimination, diversity, higher education. Affirmative Action in Higher Education Law Doverspike, Taylor and Arthur (2006) define affirmative action as â€Å"policies or procedures which attempt to increase the representation of an underrepresented, protected group (primarily minority or female but may include other groups such as aged) in education or employment through consideration in decision making of an applicant’s race, sex, or other protected group status† (p.5). Affirmative action has been employed as the primary tool for addressing gender, racial and ethnic inequalities. Education has been one of the key battlegrounds in the application of affirmative action evidenced by the popular cases such as Brown v The Board of Educa tion (1954). This is because education is highly valued in the American society due to its ability to impact on the life of an individual. Graduating from a selective institution enhances one’s life chances and increases the likelihood of entering a position of corporate or political leadership (Mullen, 2012). There exists a rich and complex legal framework that governs affirmative action in higher education. ... The debate Affirmative action is a focal point of public debate because of political and legal developments at the federal, state and local levels. Events that shaped the modern day affirmative action dates back to 1860s, especially following the promulgation of the 14th amendment. The amendment forbade states from enacting laws that denied American equal protection of the laws. It suffered setbacks for instance following the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v Fergusson where the court held that separate but equal accommodation did not violate the constitution giving rise to segregationist tendencies across United States. The modern day term ‘affirmative action’ traces its origin to President Kennedy, who in 1961 through Executive Order number 10925, introduced methods to address discrimination which had persisted regardless of constitutional guarantees and civil rights laws. It was developed and first enforced by President Johnson who put practical measures tha t transformed equality as a theory to equality in fact and result (Brunner and Rowen, 2007). Argument in Favor of Affirmative Action There are two core arguments that justify affirmative action. First, affirmative action ensures diversity in any democratic society. If left to chance, diversity can never be achieved. Part of the education process is to prepare students to interact with people from other nationalities. It prepares students to be better citizens in a democratic state. Americans come from diverse background, and America is set to become more diverse in the decades to come (Kowalski, 2006, p. 38). America prides itself on the diversity of its citizenry. Institutions and the whole academic field benefit holistically from diversity because

Organizational Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Design - Essay Example Recent reports from all over the world shows that most of the companies reducing their work forces to stay in the market. Though the IT sector and real estate field has immensely affected by the current crisis, all the other sectors also suffered a lot from the current crisis. Apart from financial crisis, so many other factors like growing crime rates and violence are also made it difficult to operate business functions. There is an important relationship between the organizational structure and strategies.† A strategy is the plans and actions necessary to achieve organizational goals† (Griffin and Moorhead, (2007), p.450) The success of a business lies in identifying the proper organizational structure and strategies. The goals of the organization must be well defined before implementing changes in organizational structure. As far as Fruity Foods (FF) store is concerned, the main problem is the location. No store can operate successfully in a poor location even if their products are better compared to others. Second problem of FF is the environment. Customers are normally reluctant in going for shopping in places where the crime rates are more. More over this shop is more vulnerable to theft because of the owner’s inability to take necessary precautions. Since the owners are approaching their retirement, this store needs to be completely restructured in order to sustain in the market. For that purpose, an evaluation of the organizational environment is essential. â€Å"The organizational environment includes all of the elements ---people, other organizations, economic factors, objects and events---that lie outside the boundaries of the organization. The environment is composed of two layers; the general environment and the task environment. The general environment includes all of the broad set of dimensions and a factor within which the organization is operates including political, legal, cultural, technological, international and

Team Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Team Work - Research Paper Example As the discussion stresses departmental teams are also long term since they ensure proper manning of their lines of responsibilities at all times to encourage efficiency. Short term teams are self managing and handle frequent system challenges for instance addressing employee discipline issues. During this implementation time, members of the team hold formal and informal meetings where they freely interact with one another. This is the time they evaluate their performance and find out if indeed they are within the set deadlines. Teams play a pivotal role in the workplace and are lauded as the best human resource practice since it acts as learning time for employees. The members present their incomplete ideas in a discussion, and they humbly argue out the case, the strongest option is later adopted by the team as findings. These resolutions are binding upon every member, and the team is wholly accountable for them. This paper outlines that un the article, â€Å"How to Build a Teamwork Culture† by Susan Heathfield, she says that teamwork is core to organizations which value cooperation when handling office tasks. Employees trust that all issues pertaining to planning, decision making and task execution are best undertaken together, this helps in ensuring accuracy since input from different minds reduces risk factors. For instance, decision making on product diversification requires input from the marketing team who roll out campaigns to gauge market response. The finance and accounting team also computes the right prices to offer the new product in the market. These two and other relevant departments get together by holding frequent meetings where they all share their points and areas of concern.  

Particle yield ratios in HIC from the quark recombination model Essay

Particle yield ratios in HIC from the quark recombination model - Essay Example On the other hand, more problems remain with regard to the inconsistencies in empirical findings about the behavior of these elementary particles and forces versus the strict predictions of behavior from the Standard Model, leading to the need for further research and experiments that make use of more powerful detectors and accelerators in high energy physics contexts. This is to aid in furthering the understanding of the fundamental forces and particles in the universe, and to aid in the crafting of more accurate theories about the nature of reality. Recent and planned work in high energy physics reflect this need to validate the predictions of the Standard Model and to work out the inconsistencies between the model and the behavior of particles and forces in the real world. Planned future work on the LHC revolves around making use of the progress in discovering the Higgs boson in order to understand how the Higgs boson conveys its power to matter, and the way the Higgs boson, among other things, interact with known particles and forces, as well as with new and unknown particles such as dark matter (Shears, 2012; . Aad et al., 2013). The Standard Model is the name given to a physics theory that aims to provide a description of fundamental forces and fundamental particles in nature. The value of the standard model is in its predictive power when it comes to experimentations in particle physics. The challenges tied to the Standard Model on the other hand relate to the absence of outcomes in experiments that would totally verify the theory. Until the Higgs Boson can be completely verified empirically for instance, there remain large holes in the theory that need to be validated, as the Higgs Boson is one of the most fundamental aspects of the Standard Model (Shears, 2012). The experiments at the Large Hadron Collider or LHC has confirmed the existence of a particle

Learning Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning Disability - Essay Example The learner does not frequently understand what he or she is reading. Confusing mathematical symbols plus numbers. Awkward pencil grasp and pitiable handwriting skills. Trouble observing multiple directions, organizing thoughts along with what they want to speak. Communication disorders Problems associated with speech, language as well as auditory processing. They range from uncomplicated sound repetitions like stuttering to sporadic misarticulation of terms, to absolute inability to utilize speech plus language for communications, or aphasia (Haynes, Moran, & Pindzola, 2011). The basis of communication disorders comprises hearing loss, neurological disorders, or brain injury. Others include mental retardation, history of drug abuse, emotional and psychiatric disorders, physical impairments like palate, and developmental disorders Characteristics includes: Difficulty in observing directions, attending to conversations, and articulating words. Difficulty in understanding the perceptio n of what has been said and expressing oneself. Do not observe social rules of conversation. Difficulty in using verbs. Difficulty comprehending jokes or sarcasm (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 2012). Teaching strategies for learning disabilities It is important to begin by defining specific expectations with the learner first. Provide instantaneous reinforcement of accurate responses. Apply various modalities, like oral presentation, overheads, diagrams, and activity-based learning. Apply direct teaching methodology, such as phonics, or pronouncing words simultaneously. Use alternative evaluation methods, like an oral test, closed book test having dissimilar requirements for answers, and taped tests. Negotiate written assignments (Martin, 2008). Teaching strategies for communication disorders First understand what form of communication disorder the student has. Show consideration in terms of patience and acceptance Support speech practice through one-on-one conversations about their interests. Never mimic those with a speech disorder. Create practicing verbal skills sessions involving pairs of students as they read aloud, and working on problems orally, or otherwise play games which encourage speech development (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 2012). Placement options for learning disabilities Learners with learning disabilities should be educated under least restrictive environment, with the flexible setup to meet the learner individual needs. This includes: General education class having aids and modifications. State special schools. General education class having specialist services, or residential program. Placement options for communication disorders Focus on classroom interactions, language and communications applied, so as to help students learn to communicate in these environments. Apply unambiguous language, as well as communication planning within a non-deliberate language applicat ion. For instance, unconscious selection of language is significant features of school and class environments (Haynes, Moran, & Pindzola, 2011).

Research Log Book Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Log Book - Research Paper Example It is also important to note that every new inventor of phonographs had their own distinguished motives attached to their inventions (Sterne, 2003). Where Berliner wanted to investigate aesthetic possibilities, Edison wanted to use it for educational and social purposes. So, the sound reproduction machines actually transformed into hearing machines that cultural and social values attached to them. From their onwards, there has been a continuous advancement in the given field. The first intended purpose of phonautographs was to produce sound on the paper i.e. create documents of sound’s frequency that can be read by humans instead of machines (Feaster, 2010). Later on, the same principle was used to recreate sounds. Personal analysis of this phenomenon of sound recreation helped in understanding that sound reproduction actually undermines the social process of sound creation. We are surrounded by machines in the form of amplifiers, roofer, hi-fi sonic systems, musical recording s that just reproduce the sounds burnt into optical discs. However, this burning of sound into disc not only put an end to a learning process that was a by-product of sound production on a paper but also fails to illustrate the actual experience of first production of sound. In addition to that, the essence of original sound is already lost too. The sound of music and speech that we hear every day in the compact storage devices is already tempered and edited. Therefore, the user of sound does not have access to the real sound. The only replication of real sound that is available these days is in the form of real-time radio. Although radio itself as a medium does not follow the principles of phonautographs however electronic devices used to play these radio channels do follow simple rules of sound reproduction. Hence, phonautographs do exist in 21st century as well but real sound is not in the reach of many of us. Second Entry: The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Argument prese nted by Elizabeth Eisenstein illustrated the revolution in printing after the advent of typography. Although her selected time period and regional studies are rather limited and her analysis cannot be applied on general European and Asian literature however it does illustrate the transformation that medieval literature went through after revolution in printing press. More than Eisenstein, McLuhan appears to be a strong advocate of use of technology in preservation and dissemination of literature (Leed, 1982). McLuhan recognizes the importance of technological advancements for literature and believes in modification of typographic culture under the influence of electronic media. Where print helped in brining oral speech to a visual space, use of electronic medium is allowing this visual space to be at readily available for human use irrespective of time and space (Eisenstein, 1979). I personally use kindle for reading books which would have been impossible to carry with me otherwise. Eisenstein believes that most of the literature uses stereotypes and cliches for reproduction of literature and continuous reproduction can have an effect of reinforcement on those who have access to this frequently referenced literature (Odin, 1997). Hence, it can be said that emergence of printing press paved ways for more technological adv

Why did I become a Christian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why did I become a Christian - Essay Example Islamic doctrinal message is not typically delivered and spread as Christianity is with God’s Word for the Muslim culture appears exclusive for the followers of Muhammad who are disposed to reconcile materialism and spirituality under the context of political setting. Becoming a Christian is entirely and remarkably different as I experience living by faith through Christ and having a personal relationship with God. I particularly appreciate the fact that in Christianity, the values of love and compassion are magnified rather than the rigidity of moral order and punishment for sins, believing that God’s unconditional love is a kind that is sincere, patient, and does not keep record of wrongs (Cor. 13:4 – 5). According to the Holy Scripture, it was through Father God’s plan of salvation that Jesus Christ be given biological birth by an ordinary pure woman after which the gospel declares ‘a word became flesh’ to live among men that the prophecy in the Old Testament of the Bible may be fulfilled. To me, this is something that entails more than a significant event in the history of redemption for it reflects the heart of God by virtue of humility that despite His divine nature, He reaches out to sinful men by allowing His holiness to touch the earth’s ground and take no other form higher than that of us when Jesus was born to live in utter simplicity and thereafter carry out his ministry apart from worldly wealth and power. Basically, Jesus embodies his teachings and I am quite fascinated to discover how consistent this truth holds as stated via Luke 14:11 -- â€Å"For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted.† Gaining deeper understanding of God’s Word all the more settles my conviction toward Christianity wherein besides knowledge of the Scripture, I learn to refine my ways by wisdom in meditative prayer and

Debut novel by Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Debut novel by Benjamin Franklin Essay Hawk, a debut novel by William Wallis (a poet) was published by `The Publisher` last 2006 with a 158 pages. Its genre is Fiction or Autobiographical. Hawk is the first novel written by the author that has won the 2006 Benjamin Franklin Award in Fiction that is given annually by Publisher’s Marketing Association (an organization composed of around 4,000 independent publishers. It appeared last August 14, 2006 issue of â€Å"Publishers Weekly†, in the Benjamin Franklin Award segment of PMA`s advertisement. He has a plan to publish three more stories that has a relation with his first novel. BODY The novel narrates about a story of family and survival while combining Southern traditional literary and contemporary expression. Maintaining the image of a poet and at the same time as a novelist, Wallis was able to recount a perception of life on earth by a seven-year-olds’ eyeWill Falke, the leading character of his novel. Perplexing introductory events made the story more appealing to the readers. Chronicles of conventional childhood experiences of Will Falke is one of the focuses of the novel. His pains and disappointments on the stage of his growth through which is spent mostly in Monticello, Arkansas, during the early 1950`s molded him to become a Adika, pg 2 tough person. Having suffered and survived tough problems has not necessarily pushed Will to prefer to be in a place other than his hometown. The state where the central character lives is enclosed by a half-dozen other neighboring southern states, in which we can relate on how the characters in this story are interlinked. William Wallis, as a Southern writer keenly described one of the major preoccupancy of Southern America which is survival, both enduring and prevailing. Will Falke, born in the year of the fifties have experienced the both negative and positive side of his existence in this world. He lost his eye; he has endured the vicious pain of punishments from his cruel and brutal father; he has to stay sturdy in spite of the mocking and humiliations of his schoolmates, and a mother who is so weak to continuously strive to live in order to protect him and his family. These are the examples of him being cursed. On the contrary, there are also things aside from troubles that can still be a reason for Will to hold on and can be considered as a blessing. Significant characters like Alma, a nurse with a good heart that taught him to read; Ruth, Will’s frail mother where he got his passion for classical music and singing and he also learned the lyrics of classical music from a Jew pal; Tyree, his gentle neighbor that skilled him to play chess and gave him the gift of friendship; and even simple things like a family farm that taught him to learn the ways of nature just like how his indignant father trained him to be resilient; he is cared and very much loved by women, and lastly, he has eventually learned liberty and freedom like a â€Å"Hawk. † Adika, pg 3 On my point of view, this novel is so heartily written by the author that has the capacity to move the hearts of the reader through the varying well-hanging events and experiences as well as emotions that we could easily relate with. Every experience of Will, every struggle regarding his parents, sisters, and the other people that were dear to him has rendered complex scenario of bravery and the true value of a family. He has not only portrayed the classic or typical outlook of love of a family member but exhibited with honesty and mixture of artistry the true meaning of selfless and ‘Christ-like’ love—full of bravery and hope.

Detailed Analysis Of John Lewis Partnership Commerce Essay

Detailed Analysis Of John Lewis Partnership Commerce Essay The following report will provide a detailed analysis of John Lewis Partnership. The retailer has been very successful in the UK and has performed extremely well in spite of more negative financial issues and other dynamics impacting upon the retail sector at large, predominantly in light of declining consumer income, technological advances such as the internet and increased competition. The reason the company was able to achieve these was because of their commitment towards their clients in providing innovative solutions as well as improved awareness of customer needs and the significance of creating a reliable customer base which ensures positive word-of-mouth and the company has achieved this due to its commitment to providing innovative solutions to clients as well as a heightened awareness of customer needs and further recommendations to increase new revenue streams through an appropriate CRM system in place. Therefore, the reports provides an evaluation of the companys current marketing environment assessing how the external factors impact the retail sector largely and specifically on the strategies that John Lewis chooses to adopt. The report will also evaluate the strengths and weaknesses as well as the threats and opportunities that the company is presented with and how best it can achieve a match with its own internal capabilities to the dynamics at play. The report will also look at how the John Lewis brand and customer proposition is placed in the UK market in comparison to other competitors, with an attempt to provide understanding in to how the company gains advantage through differentiation from other competitors, essentially highlighting how the company implements a differentiated strategy which allows it to maintain advantage. At the same time, the analysis has drawn attention to how the uncertainty which prevails and the continuous rate of change in the external market highlights the implications of continuous observation and continuous re-evaluation of the strategic options applied. Ultimately, the aim is to provide recommendations as to how the company can increase the probability of its advantage over the longer term. The John Lewis Partnerships 81,000 Partners own the leading UK retail businesses John Lewis and Waitrose. Our founders vision of a successful business powered by its people and its principles defines our unique company today. The profits and benefits created by our success are shared by all our Partners (John Lewis, 2012). Write the report as if you were working for an external management consultancy firm, reporting to the Board of Directors of your chosen company. The report should contain sections that address ALL of the main aspects of the module syllabus: that is the report should cover both strategic analysis (internal and external) and strategy formulation. It is essential that in undertaking your research and writing your report you make appropriate use of the strategic management tools and models to conduct internal and external strategic analysis and strategy formulation that you have encountered in this module. Credit will be given for analysis, evaluation and synthesis, and the appropriate selection and use of strategic management tools and models. 2.0 Introduction This report will discuss the strategic management tools demonstrating skills of analysis evaluation and synthesis of John Lewis. The report includes strategic analysis and an External Environmental analysis. The report also covers the strategy formulation in which the SWOT analysis and BCG Matrix will be discussed. John Lewis Partnership plc is one of the UKs top ten retail businesses. They operate amongst 2 sectors known as John Lewis and Waitrose. The company offers food as well as household products i.e. baked foods, fresh fruit veg, wines, household items, furniture, electronic items etc. The company functions in a chain of 287 Waitrose supermarkets, 39 John Lewis shops that include 30 departmental stores and 8 of them at home John Lewis stores. The company operates throughout the UK and is headquartered in London, they sell their products through retail stores, catalogues, and websites. The companys strategic focus is to accomplish its non-core business strategies through partnership with other firms. There are around 81,000 employees working in John Lewis stores who are partners in the business, they have a share in the companys profits and are given the opportunity to participate in the companys progress and growth. This is their unique source of competitive advantage as it encourages staff loyalty through being business partners (John Lewis 2012) 3.0 Strategic analysis 3.1 Mission statement The mission of an organisation highlights the broad directions they need to follow and provides a brief summary of the values and reasons that lie behind it (Lynch 2012). Like other organisations John Lewis also have a mission statement, it highlights their reputation established through their ownership structure as it is unique and they are very successful in being a profitable business. John Lewis aim to keep their staff satisfied so that their business can be a success. Their strategy is based on three key elements partners, customers and profit. (Refer to appendix 1) to see their full mission statement. 4.0 External Environmental analysis 4.1 PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis examines the macro-environment in which the business exists in. It is a helpful tool for understanding market growth or decline as well as the position, potential and the direction for business. It is also used for evaluating the Political, Economic, Social Technological, Environmental and Legal factors that a business operates in. The Political factors discuss government regulations such as employment laws, environmental regulations, tax policy and political stability. The Economic factors affect the cost of capital and purchasing power of an organisation. These factors also include economic growth, interest rates and inflation. The Social factors impact customers needs, potential market size such as John Lewiss goods and services, population growth and age demographics. Technological factors of John Lewis will discuss barriers to entry, making or buying decisions, investment and innovation and the technological change. Environmental factors include weather, clim ate and climate change. Climate change affects how John Lewis operates and the products they offer. Lastly Legal Factors include discrimination law, employment law and health and safety law. These factors can affect the way John Lewis operate their costs and the demand for their products. 4.2 Macro- environmental Factors It is commonly known, that those prevailing in the external environment of any firm shall have a significant influence in terms of decision making in the strategic options. Such analysis is known as PESTEL analysis and usually suggested as the first stage in the strategic planning process (Lynch, 2006). As Johnson et al (2008, pg.56) rightly declared, The key drivers for change are environmental factors that are likely to have a high impact on the success or failure of strategy. (Refer to appendix 2) to see the PESTEL analysis for John Lewis. It can be concluded that each factor of the PESTEL has had an effect on John Lewiss actions, some of them are now stated in their mission statement. Previous factors are used to analyse different factors, furthermore, these factors can give a prediction for the future, so can be quiet effective if they are applied correctly. There are also some restrictions in this model, e.g. when the procedure of the checklist is applied to John Lewis it may be tough. The emergent corporate strategies may well comment that the future is so uncertain that prediction is useless (Lynch 2012 page 84), however, some may still give words of caution but still predict the future. The PESTEL analysis isnt the only framework that John Lewis take into consideration, their organisation has many other internal and external factors that also have an effect on the strategy formulation, this is why Porters five Forces framework is applied. The PESTEL analysis has a lot of information but yet doesnt offer a detailed analysis of the business. Porters Five Forces (1985) observes factors that have an impact on competition in the organisation. 4.3 Strategic Options The external analysis undertaken has underlined how the focus and the landscape of the UK retail sector has changed dramatically over the last decade or so. Such developments clearly present both threats, primarily from new entrants and modes of distribution, as well as opportunities such as the increasing utilisation of technology within the current offering to customers. As Johnson et al (2008, pg.3) highlights, strategy is about exploiting the strategic capability of an organisation, in terms of its resources and competences, to provide competitive advantage and/or yield new opportunities. However, many competitors in the retail sector at large have managed to expand into other range of products as well as expanding internationally, John Lewis seems to have adopted a more thoughtful approach and stayed loyal to its customers as well as confident in terms of its offering to the market. At the same time it has also developed a wide range of products as a lower price range to attract more customers across a wider range of segments in society. In times of economic uncertainty this also appears to be a sensible strategy in terms of situations where its loyal customer base may be experiencing declines in disposable income, thus enabling John Lewis to maintain their business through customers trading down to less expensive ranges in store. The recent introduction for its Essential Waitrose Range in 2009 was both a reaction to external events including activities of competitors but was viewed as an effective strategy highlighting the companys attention to external research as well as its innovative approach to dealing with such negative events. Furthermore, Porter put forward the idea that there were three generic strategies; cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and the focus strategy, which companies follow. It is clear that John Lewis has embraced a combination of these, but essentially, differentiation has remained key to its business model which positions more favourably when compared to other competitors, particularly given the range and extent of the goods and services it provides as well as its highly effective branding and promotional events which appeal directly to customers and incite purchase. Its decision to introduce its Essentials range within its Waitrose stores may have been considered by some as an indication it was lowering its standards, but on the contrary, despite offering a cheaper alternative, quality remained key which ultimately implied that its position in the market would not be negotiated. 4.4 Porters Five Forces Porters Five Forces framework highlights that the environment John Lewis is competing in is constantly changing, (refer to appendix 5). In this model it is believed that customers dont have more importance than any other aspect, however Aker, Baker and Harvey Jones argue that customers are more important than any other aspect of strategy development (Lynch 2012). Porters Five Forces of competition (1985) is a common tool often applied within the strategic management process to firms across several sectors. It is similar to the PESTLE analysis as it takes a predominantly external perspective of the firm within its given industry looking at how it is positioned against other competitors in the same sector. Recently many have criticised the ensuring importance of the framework given the changes that have risen, particularly with regard to the diversification of business which has ultimately created blurring across many previously distinct sectors. This is emphasized by the supermarkets entering into the clothing and electronics sector for example, as well as retailers including John Lewis expanding into financial services through insurance and credit facilities to customers. Barney (1995) and Henry (2008) underlined how Porters model is more helpful when it is applied at a strategic business unit level rather than at higher levels of industry analysis such as the sector at large as it cannot be expected that all competitors will be competing against one another. This tool is also believed to be useful in terms of assessing a companys strengths and weaknesses in light of how it stacks up against competition. As Barney (1995, pg.49) highlights, A complete understanding of sources of competitive advantage requires the analysis of a firms internal strengths and weaknesses as well. The importance of integrating internal with environmental analyses can be seen when evaluating the sources of competitive advantage of many firms. Looking at Porters five forces of competition, it is clear that John Lewis has attempted to not to just react to the external dynamics and actions of competitors, but actively be a step ahead. It has constantly adapted its business model, such as the introduction of store cards, its online offering and the Waitrose Essentials range in order to provide its business with a more appropriate fit to the market in line with Mintzbergs (1994) theory. A major element of its strategy however, is its reputation, branding and subsequent positioning in the market and how consumers view the business in its entirety. It has remained rather committed to its original proposition and further enhanced its appeal through appropriate branding and its reputation for quality and enhanced service to customers. 5.0 Internal Resource analysis 5.1 Value analysis chain The term Value Chain was used by Michael Porter (1985), the purpose of the value chain is to analyse the activities that are performed by the business, linking them to the competitive position. It also evaluates the particular activities to see which add value to the businesses products or services (quickmba 1999-2010) While many critics and leading authorities dispute the validity of Porters earlier theories, many of his ideas do still appear useful from the perspective of strategic analysis, particularly the notion of the value chain. Ultimately, it is within the value chain which John Lewis has created that it has succeeded in terms of sustaining advantage in its market sector. It has created efficiencies and synergies through the interrelationships within (Mintzberg and Ghoshal, 2003). Value Chain Analysis which is often compared to the RBV of the firm as it looks to both internal and external dynamics impacting an organisation. In recent years importance has also been given to joint ventures, collaborations and relationships which add value to the companys positioning. Elements of the chain such as HR which were previously considered as supporting elements are now viewed as core and this is demonstrated by John Lewis in terms of its commitment to and investment in staff. By enhancing the quality of its internal resources it can achieve distinctive competencies which are difficult to emulate by other competitors (Teece et al, 1997; Terwiesch and Ulrich, 2009). As Porter (1985, pg.36) emphasises, the way it performs individual activities are a reflection of its history, its strategy, its approach to implementing its strategy, and the underlying economics of the activities themselves. 6.0 Strategy formulation 6.1 SWOT Analysis: John Lewis Partnership A SWOT analysis is a useful tool for understanding and decision-making, businesses such as John Lewis use this tool in all sorts of situations, a SWOT summarizes the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. This framework covers a crucial part of the strategic planning process a scan of the internal and external environment. Strength, Weaknesses are considered to be internal to the business whereas, Opportunities and Threats are part of the external environment. Looking at the SWOT analysis (refer to appendix 6) it can be concluded that John Lewis take this tool into consideration when making business decisions based on their customers. However, John Lewis need to expand their target audience because at the moment they are only targeting an older audience need to improve the diagnostic power of a SWOT analysis is to define the elements from a customer perspective rather than the organizational point of view. (Baker 2007, pg.267). By doing this they will generate a higher profit margin. If john Lewis wants to stay ahead of their competition they need focus on their weaknesses such as they need to ensure their prices are similar to their competitors. Also John Lewis need to focus on threats the business may have to face but they can avoid such matters by acting upon the threat before it occurs. Although the SWOT analysis tool is useful to businesses when making decisions, it has been criticized due to its simplicity and possible misleading approach to strategic analysis. This is because companies have failed to follow a few simple procedures. The SWOT analysis is a focused methodology (Baker 2007), therefore, when John Lewis the using this tool they need to ensure they are able to follow correct procedures of this tool to ensure they are able to achieve success. 6.2 BCG Growth-share Matrix The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) growth-share matrix was developed by Bruce Henderson, founder of BCG, in the late 1960s (Baker 2007, pg.125). The BCG Matrix is a simple tool used to assess a companys position in terms of its product range. It simplifies how a companys thinks about the products and services and makes decisions about which it should keep and let go and which products to invest in further. It provides a useful way of seeing the opportunities that are open to the company and also helps to consider how the company can maximise the profits in the future. Below is the BCG Matrix for John Lewis, highlighting where in the market the different departments of John Lewis are positioned. John Lewis was voted Britains best retailer in 2009 and have won awards House Beautiful Awards 2008: Online Home Retailer of the Year Gold Award (washerhelp 2012), making them leaders in departments such as House and Garden, Electrical Appliances, Fashion, Gifts and Toys. They now have a high growth and a high market share in this segment, thus putting them in the star category. Further, technology and baby departments are between the star and question mark category this could be due to high growth and market share or high growth and low market share as they are faced with high demands but have low returns. Moving on to the sport department as it is in the cash cow category, as a markets it isnt growing but yet the market share for the products is high. Looking at the final category it can be said that John Lewis are safe as there isnt any products in the dog category. 7.0 conclusion Overall, the company has responded admirably to the changing dynamics impacting upon its market and customers, it is also clear that going forward, more challenges and threats shall be presented to it, particularly given persistent uncertainty relating to the global economy as consumer confidence within the UK. It would appear that in addition to a thorough and consistent approach to its markets in relation to external analysis of those factors deemed to impact most significantly; the company also adopts an internal approach, evaluating its inherent resources and competencies within the business. In line with the resource based view of the firm (Barney, 1991) and subsequent research by other authors such as Grant (2005), this analysis is often viewed as a more appropriate approach to the task of strategic management as ultimately, organisations have much more control over their internal resources than external market variables. Such an approach enables companies to incite the innovat ion process and thus create change in the wider environment as well as improvements to its value chain. This appears to be exactly what John Lewis has done to date through its expansion into other areas, as well as extending its range to customers through on-line facilities as well as credit, insurance etc. Threat of New Entrants This is considered to be fairly low for John Lewis given the original capital investment required as well as the regulations governing the market. At the same time, the fact that discount retailers and the supermarkets who benefit from vast scale economies can offer many of the same goods at substantially lower prices, is a concern and is perhaps indicative of why many retailers such as John Lewis now provide an electronic service in addition to their store offering. More entrants to the online space does seem inevitable though may become increasingly difficult given the variety currently in existence as well as the perception that customer service is often diminished. In this respect, John Lewis is clearly at an advantage given its reputation in the market. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is low from a product viewpoint yet in terms of suppliers, is high and is underlined by the success of the supermarket chains in their clothing lines as well as the competitive landscape in the online space and the continuing popularity of price comparison websites and similar forums. Over time, online retailers could exert increased pressure on officials such as John Lewis, particularly in terms of pricing as well as sourcing of product ranges. Bargaining Power of Buyers This is considered as being extremely high given the range of suppliers in the market and the realisation that customers are faced with unprecedented choice. Price is clearly a key advantage for the retailers, but at the same time, in the particular segment in which John Lewis manages factors such as location, quality, customer service and atmospherics and added benefits to be derived from the in-store experience are significant. Such variables also assist in terms of differentiating the store from other competitors in the High Street. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Though it was just few years ago the retailers were considered as having a major effect over suppliers, this seems to be fairly changing, particularly with regard to restrictions in supply of some raw materials as well as other concerns in the global supply chain which might put the suppliers in a more favourable position and increase their bargaining power. Degree of Rivalry Rivalry is obviously intense mainly due to the immense choice available as well as the increasing pressure from on-line retailers. On this basis, competitors are ultimately jockeying for position (Porter, 1979) and increasingly retailers challenge themselves to differentiate in some manner through providing expanded ranges as well as complementary goods and other services. The success of John Lewis Christmas promotional campaigns in the last few years highlights how the company attempts to differentiate itself, particularly focusing on those matters which are considered to impact most on subsequent motivation of customers to make a purchase.

Performance Based Pay for Teachers Essay -- Education Tests

"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it." - Aristotle On February 17, 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was signed into law (US Dept of Education). According to the Executive Summary of the US Department of Education’s website the purpose of this act was to stimulate the economy, create jobs, and provide funding for education. To encourage education reform at the state level, the competitive grant program, â€Å"Race to the Top,† was implemented. This allowed states to apply for grants, provided that certain education reform was taking place within states’ schools. One particular condition under this campaign has led to much debate within our education system, implementing a pay system based on a teacher’s academic performance and the methods used to determine this (US Dept of Education). There are many ways to compile data on a teacher and determine that person’s performance. Teacher performance can be based upon classroom observation, a teacher’s continuing development and education, and students’ standardized testing scores. The controversy centers around using student test scores to determine the performance of a teacher and thus her pay. Scott Andes, a research analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation voices the merits of performance based pay with his article â€Å"Getting Serious with Education: Why Can We Measure Students but Not Teachers?† High School English teachers, Jordan Kohanim and Ashley Ulrich vehemently state why there is no merit with performance based pay with their article, â€Å"No Merit to Merit Pay Arguments.† In each article both sides debate how performance based or merit pay will affect students, teachers, schools, and com... ...ides to come together and implement a plan for better practices in assessing the performance of the nation’s teachers and its students. Works Cited "Race to the Top Executive Summary." US Department of Education Website. 20 Semptember 2010. Web . 2009. 16 November 2010 Andes, Scott. â€Å"Getting Serious About Education: Why Can We Measure Students But Not Teachers?" Progressive Fix Website. 28 July 2010. .16 November 2010 Aristotle. QuoteWorld.org. 2010. Web. . 16 November 2010 Kohanim, Jordan and Ashley Ulrich. "Teachers: No Merit to Merit Pay Arguments." Atlanta Journal-Constitution Website. 28 February 2010. Web. .16 November 2010

Women Buying Cars Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Women Buying Cars      Ã‚  Ã‚   Last spring while trying to buy my first car, I experienced frustration in gaining acknowledgment from salesmen as well as their respect at several different dealerships.   I discovered it was my attitude and approach to the salesmen that would make the difference in the treatment I received from the them in buying a car myself.   I discovered, by informing the salesman from the beginning that I was serious and financially capable of buying a car, I was able to get a salesman to take time in helping me, a high school female, make a car purchase.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through my experience, I discovered women are at fault for the treatment received from car salesmen while making an effort to buy a car.   The idea that women are insufficient when it comes to buying cars results from the timid approach women take when doing so.   There is no difference in the capabilities women and men have in buying cars.   The difference lies in the approach women take when deciding to purchase a vehicle of their choice.   How can women be treated as equals to the male population when it comes to buying cars?   It all lays in the attitude women take towards the car salesmen.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stories seem to always be the same when a woman walks onto the parking lot of a car dealership looking for a car.   She walks around the car lot and is approached by a salesman within five minutes.   He asks how she's doing and says, "Well, let me know if there's anything I can help you with." He then hands her a business card and walks away.   If a woman takes a casual approach to walking around the lot viewing the different models, and is too afraid of showing interest in purchasing, of course a salesm... ...a successful purchase.    Works Cited Ayres, Ian and Peter Siegelman. "Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car." American Economic Review 85.3 (June 1995): 304-22. Howard, Margo. "Don't Get Taken for a Ride." New Choices: Living Even Better After 50 36.3   (April 1996): 58-61. Moyes, Jojo. "Car sexism drives me crazy." World Press Review 43.6 (June 1996): 48-49. Myers, Gerry. "Reaching the Women's Market." Working Woman 22.9 (Sept. 1997): 33-36. Sherman-Chatzky, Jean. "Protest With Your Feet." Money 28.2 (Feb. 1999): 190-91. Tillson, Tamsen. "A women scorned." Canadian Business 69.2 (Feb. 1996): 97-98. Whittelsey, Frances Cerra. "How women can stop paying more than men for the same things."   Money 25.6 (June 1996): 47- 46.

Organized Crime Essay -- Criminals Mafia Essays Papers

Organized Crime Organized crime has always been occupied with a negative label. Perhaps this is due to the constantly changing environment in America as well as the social state of its homeland, Europe. Our society is convinced that the so-called Mafia is a family of pure criminals, pimps, and murderers. Whatever the opinion, there is no doubt that the Mafia played a big part in the history of America and the way Americans view crime today. "The origins of the secret society known as the Mafia are believed to be as old as the 9th century" (Mafia History). During the 9th century, the Mafia's main purpose was to strengthen themselves against enemies, which invaded their homeland in Sicily. It was supposed to create a strong feeling of togetherness between all Sicilians. "This idea of family was carried through in the structure of the organization, which had a strong hierarchical layout" (Mafia History). The Mafia is said by many to have perhaps the best system of power, than any other group or governm ent known today. One can compare a physical representation of the family almost to a family tree dated all the way back through many generations. Certain people operated the system, but without the help of the people with the less power, the Mafia would be very weak. To put it another way, a leader cannot lead without followers, and the followers cannot follow without leaders. This is why the Mafia was hard to overcome. Although when many think of the location of the Mafia, Chicago and New York often come to mind, but actually the Mafia has been traced back through 26 major cites in America. Within every city were many Mafia families each with it?s own government. "At the head of each family stood the Dons or Bosses. Next in line to the Dons was the Underbosses, who were second in command. Followed by the Consigliere or counselors. And last were the men who did the dirty work for the Mob, the Soldiers. The Soldiers were the one?s who would enforce discipline over both members and no n-members through the use of intimidation, assaults, and murder" (Living Large 3). All the members of the society were expected to go through a ceremony that often was compared to the baptism ceremony. "The induction ceremony is the most important day of a mobster?s life, the day that they become full members of La Cosa Nostra" (Mafia Life). "The ceremony for the newcomers was som... ...sition of the Mob, and the Mafia is known for making comebacks in a hurry. For example, the highpoint of the Mafia was said to be in the 1920?s, and slowly it decreased until the end of World War II when organized crime came back with much stronger than when the war started. This shows a good understanding of what the Mafia is capable of doing in short periods of time. The men who have tried to get rid of the Mafia time in and time out have made some progress. "Responsible groups of Americans have, at times, waged campaigns in the media to obliterate any assumption that crime is dominated by people of Italian descent, claiming that existence of an American Mafia had not been fully established" (Mafia Image). The opinions will differ in that sense. Some say that the Mafia is a vast organization that continues to grow in power, while others say that if the mafia still exists to this day, the old ways of organized crime will never be the same as it has been in this century. The desi re, need, brutality, wisdom, and style of what we know as the Mafia only exists in books and movies. No matter the opinion, the Mafia still claims the place in American History if it still exists or not.

Non Medical Factors Influencing Csection Health And Social Care Essay

Cesarean delivery is the bringing of a babe through a surgical scratch in the female parents abdomen wall laparotomy and uterus wall hysterectomy. In some fortunes, a C-section is scheduled in progress. In others it ‘s done in response to an unanticipated complication. Initially, cesarian bringing was performed to salvage the foetus from a moribund patient. But over and over old ages, this operation later was developed into a surgical process to salvage both maternal and foetal from high complications.2.2 Concept of C-sectionThe C-section rate is increasing over a period of clip in developed states, every bit good as in developing states. It is besides increasing for all adult females of all ages, race/ethnic group, gestational age, SES group. For case in China the cesarian rate rose dramatically from 3.4 % in 1988 to 39.3 % in 2008 with the most dramatic addition among urban adult females ( Xu, Yan, & A ; Carine, 2012, p. 3/12 ) . In USA, this rate climbed from 5 % in 1960 to 31.8 % in 2007 ( Campbell, 2011 ) . In Mali, the rate addition from 1.6 % in 2005 to 2.9 in 2009. Furthermore in developed state the proportion of cesarian birth is 21.1 % on mean whereas in developing states is merely 2 % ( Betran et al, 2007 ) . This rate is rather under the international norm fixed ( 5 % – 15 % ) by WHO since 1985.2.3 Types of Cesarean deliveryCesarean delivery is made based on two types of scratch on the womb: low transversal scratch and perpendicular uterine scratch. However the way of scratch on the womb does non needfully fit with the scratch on the tegument ( up, down or side to side ) . The low transverse scratch is a horizontal cut across the lower portion of the womb. It is the one which is safer and more successful to travel through labour for holding a vaginal bringing in ulterior gestations. The perpendicular scratch on the womb is used for presenting preterm babes, abnormally positioned placentas, gestations with more than one foetus and in utmost exigencies.2.4 Medical factors ( indicant of caesarean delivery )Cesarean indicant can be classified into 3 groups: Maternal ; foetal or maternal-fetal. Tableau 2. Medical indicant for cesarian determinationMaternalFetalMaternal-fetalMedical status: specific cardiac disease ( Maran ‘s Syndrome, unstable coronary arteria disease ) ; specific respiratory disease ( GuillanBarre syndrome ) ; thrombopenia Conditionss associated with increased intracranial force per unit area Mechanical obstructor of the lower uterine section ( tumours, fibroids ) Mechanical vulvar obstructor ( condylomata ) Contracted pelvic girdle ( either congenital or acquired ) No reassuring fetal position Malpresentation: rear of barrel, cross prevarication, forehead or face/mentumposterior Cord prolapsed Maternal herpes or HIV Congenital anomalies/Vasa previa Failure to come on in labour: either collar to descent or collar to distend Cephalopelvic disproportion Placental breaking off Placenta previa/ placenta breaking off Conjoint twin Uterine rupture Elective caesarean delivery bringing The most common indicant for cesarian bringing in America is repeated cesarian ( 30 % ) , followed by dystocia or failure to advancement ( 30 % ) , malpresentation ( 11 % ) and non-reassuring fetal position ( 10 % ) ( Murphy, Sarah K. , et Jeffrey D. , 2012, p. 2 ) . In England, the most common indicant is besides repeated caesarean delivery ( 29 % ) followed by presumed foetal hurt ( 22 % ) , failure to advancement ( 20 % ) and breech birth ( 16 % ) ( caesaran subdivisions, October 2002, p. 2 ) . In Mali, the most common indicant is prolonged/obstructed labour or suspected cephalopelvic disproportion 40.4 % , followed by old cesarian subdivision 16.6 % , foetal hurt ( 16.1 % ) ( Valerie Brand et Al, 2012 ) . Based on the timing of C-section ( CS ) at the clip of determination devising, the cesarian indicants are grouped under one of those four classs. Tableau 2. Different classs of Cesarean deliveryCategory 1:Emergency CSCategory 2:Urgent CSCategory 3:Scheduled CesiumCategory 4:Elective CS– There is an immediate menace to the female parent or the foetus. Therefore the CS should be done within the following 30 min in order to salvage on clip both female parent and babe Breaking off, cord prolapsed, cicatrix rupture, scalp blood PH & lt ; 7.20, foetal hurt: drawn-out FHR slowing & lt ; 80 There is maternal or foetal complication but was non instantly life endangering. In that instance the bringing should be completed within 60-75 min Case with FHR abnormalcies are those of concern The female parent needs early bringing but there is no maternal or foetal via media. A concern of the continuance of gestation is likely to impact the female parent or foetus in the approaching hours or yearss. Iatrogenic preterm bringing where there is need to give a class of steroid for lung adulthood The bringing is timed to accommodate the female parent and staff. There are instances where there is an indicant for CS but there is no urgency. Placenta previa with no active hemorrhage, malpresentation, history of old cesareanaˆÂ ¦2.5 Non medical factors act uponing Cesarean delivery rateBeside medical factors, non-medical grounds can hold an impact on the likeliness of holding a Cesarean delivery every bit good. Among those factors, maternal features such as age, instruction, business, birth order, fiscal position ( salary/affordability to pay medical fees and wellness insurance ) , abode, figure of prenatal visits, wellness position can greatly act upon the Cesarean delivery rate. Some demographic factors, particularly the alteration in the features of the childbearing population can impact cesarian bringing. Ethical and economic grounds may besides hold some influence on the rate of surgical bringing.2.5.1 Maternal ageSeveral surveies show that old adult females ( over 35 ages ) are more likely to hold a high hazard of gestation complication and cesarian bringing. Other surveies found the same consequence in lower h azard adult females population. A important association was besides found between the hazard of holding C-section and advanced maternal age at the first gestation ( Herstad & A ; al, 2012 ) . In add-on, increasing age and para are reported to be associated with a high hazard of inauspicious gestation results and C-section rate. Dystocia, non-reassuring foetal status, preeclampsia, placenta previa, abruptio-placenta, malpresentation, prolonged labour and macrosomia were significantly higher in older female parents with high para. Another high association was found among advanced maternal age of adult females with old Cesarean delivery and increasing Cesarean delivery rate ( Hiasat, 2002 ) .2.5.2 Education of the female parentThe function of instruction degree dramas in the C-section rate is controversial. ( Gilbert, Alice, & A ; Haim A. , 2010 ) found in a survey that planned C-section was carried out more frequently among educated adult females than uneducated 1s. High instruction d egree influences besides positively the C-section rate of adult females with old C-section ( Khawaja, Tamar, & A ; Rozzet, 2000 ) .This important rate of C-section rate among the more educated adult females are chiefly due to either maternal pick for C-section ( posh to force factor ) or physicians behavior factors or the hold of maternity until older age for educated adult females. On the other manus, when all those factors are taken into consideration, some surveies show that the cesarean delivery rate is likely to be less among higher educated adult females because educated adult females are more cognizant about gestation complications and hazards. Therefore they are more preventative and care better about their wellness during the gestation. For case among adult females in the same age, the less educated 1s are really more likely to acquire a C-section ( Harrison, 2012 ) . Furthermore the instruction of the male parent does n't hold excessively much consequence as the female par ent instruction on the C-section rate.2.5.3 Occupation of the parentsOccupation of the female parent is greatly associated with the cesarian bringing. A Nigerian survey found that adult females with no business are more likely to hold a vaginal bringing than those with a high business ( Olusanya & A ; Olumuyiwa, 2009 ) . This might due to some grounds such as maternal pick to present by C-section, detaining maternity ( due to the deficiency of clip because of her work ) at an advanced age or unjust entree to maternal wellness attention. A survey in Puerto Rico found that a direct association with the male parent ‘s business and the rate of surgical bringing. Fathers with no business are associated with a lower rate of C-section rate ( Jose & A ; Vazquez-Calzada, 1997 ) . It is likely due to the same socio-economic grounds I will cite in this caption.2.5.4 Birth orderWhereas a elevation of C-section rate for the maternal age is evident for about all the live-birth order, live-birth order affects the rate of cesarian bringing independently of the maternal age. The hazard of cesarian bringing is greater among female parents holding their first kid no affairs the age, except for teenage female parents. Then this hazard falls down quickly with wining births. For case, a USA survey ( Taffel, 1994 ) found the cesarian rate declined as live-birth order rose to an agegreater or equal to 20 old ages old female parents for both black and white adult females. In add-on the highest cesarian rate for any age-birth order com bination were found among adult females between 35-39 old ages of age holding their first birth, followed by adult females 40-49 old ages. The lowest rate was for 20 twelvemonth old adult females holding a 4th or higher order birth and for adolescents holding their 2nd or 3rd kid. Marwan Khawaja et Al found the same consequence: a higher likeliness of C-section bringing among low order birth compared to high one is expected since the bringing complications are more common among primiparious adult females taking to a higher rate of C-section.2.5.5 Fiscal state of affairsIncome and SES group The cesarian rate is of import among people with a better fiscal state of affairs even thoughthelow income group has a higher obstetrical hazard. One Brazilian survey ( Hopkins & A ; Ernesto, 1998 ) found a higher Cesarean delivery rate among the high income group than the low one. Cesarean bringing is more common among people with high SES. This might due to the fact that low SES faces frequently to fiscal and geographic barriers to wellness attention entree. Ability and affordability to pay Several surveies found that Women or family with less fiscal ability and affordability to pay for wellness attention will hold high hazard gestation and higher Cesarean delivery rate ( Hopkins et Al, 1998 ) . Health insurance Cesarean rate is more common for insured adult females than uninsured ones.A survey in Brazil ( Cecatti, Helaine N, Anibal, & A ; Maria Jose , 2005. ) showed that the C-section rate varies tremendously harmonizing to the type of insurance. And he lowest rate is with insurance companies which contract with public installations. Another survey ( KASSAK, A. MOHAMMAD, & A ; ABDALLAH, 2000 ) found that cosmopolitan coverage by national wellness insurance had a greatest impact on the likeliness to increase C-section rate.2.5.6 Rural / Urban countriesMany articles highlight the importance of abode topographic point on the C-section rate.Mothers populating in urban countries have a higher chance to present by C-section, This might due to either a better entree to wellness attention in urban countries or the deficiency of appropriate equipments and skilled staff in rural countries. However it might besides reflect the overused of cesarian bringing in urban countries ( Yassin & A ; Ghanim A, 2 012 ) .2.5.7 Number of prenatal visitsThe antenatal attention is another cardinal factor act uponing the Cesarean delivery rate. The greater is its figure ( six or over ) , the higher is the likeliness to acquire C-section. This is due to the fact that higher gestation hazard is more likely to hold more prenatal visits. On the other manus, some surveies found a strong association between medical cognition of female parent and figure of prenatal visits ( Habib, Maysaloun, & A ; Selwa, 2011 ) .2.5.8 Health positionFleshiness An addition in C-section rate appears in analogue with increasing fleshiness rate due to the lifting likeliness of gestation complication ( diabetes and high blood pressure ) . Further, both maternal and fetus weight influence the caesarean delivery rate ( Hendrickson, 2012 ) . Pregnancy and bringing complication Pregnancy complication, when it is non treated earnestly can take to serious issues. So it is an of import factor impacting C-section determination. Some surveies show a important likeliness of acquiring cesarian birth for complicated gestations seeking wellness attention ( Choudhury ) . Chronic high blood pressure and uterine hemorrhage in Jose and all surveies were reported as the most common gestation medical hazard associated with surgical bringing. Others are diabetes and anaemia. However bringing complications taking to C-section are more considered as medical factors. They are more of import than gestation complication because they affect straight the normal bringing and increases extremely the Cesarean delivery likeliness. And the opportunity of holding a caesarean delivery is even more for those adult females with two or more bringing complication. Low/ high hazard factor Cesarean delivery rate is lower among adult females with unsophisticated gestations than complicated 1s. In add-on a healthy adult female is less likely to hold gestation complication and Cesarean delivery than the opposite ( Best patterns in the usage of cesaean subdivision in Nova Scotia, 2008 ) .2.5.9 Summary of non medical factorsOn the following page, there is a sum-up of all non medical factors with the mentions and the expected mark.WritersDatasYearMethodologyExpected markMaternal age Herstad et Al. Descriptive Longiditunal 2012 Log binomial reg Descriptive stat a†°? 35: + Mother Education Gilbert et Al Harrison et Al Retrosp cohort–2010 2012 Logit arrested development Statical theoretical account More: + Less: + Mother Occupation Olusanya et Al Jose et Al Cross sectional Retrospective 2009 1997 Logit arrested development Logit arrested development None: + Father: few Birth Order Taffel et Al Marwan et Al Cross sectional Cross sectional 1994 2003 Descriptive stat Logit arrested development BO iˆ? : – Idem Income and SES ability to pay Hopkins et Al Cross sectioal 1998 Logit arrested development High Selenium: + Health insurance Cecatti et Al Retrospective Case control 2005 Logit arrested development Insured: + Rural / Urban country Yassin et Al–2012–Urban: + Ant visit Habib et Al Cross sectional 2011 Descriptive statistic Nberiˆ? : + Health position Choudhury––Hazard iˆ? : + Tableau 2.3 Expected mark of non medical factors2.6 Human behaviour factors increasing Cesarean deliveryMedical human behaviour factorsSome medical accounts can explicate the rise of cesarian rate. First of wholly, there are big fluctuations among clinicians, infirmaries in the direction of the adult female labour which influence the caesarean delivery rate. Second, even though the proportion of aided rear of barrel babes bringing does non increase, some clinicians prefer to avoidthe hazard due to the complication of normal bringing and pattern an elected caesarean delivery for rear of barrel babes because they think it is safer. In add-on, the increasing usage of in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) has led to the lifting in the figure of multiple births and those babes are frequently delivered by CS. Finally, the development of new surgical technics, engineerings and medical attention has made C-section an progressively safe operation.Non-medical human behaviour factors2.6.2.1 Cultural a nd Organizational factorsIn some instances, the C-section determination is really needed to salvage the female parent and/or the babe. However this determination, in another state of affairs is circumstantially a balanced judgement taken between clinical squads and the female parent. So, the environment within the infirmary unit and his staff is managed has greatly an impact on C-section determination, taking to a wide fluctuation in the rate between infirmaries. Further, some surveies found that learning infirmaries tend to hold lower caesarean delivery rate than non learning wellness installations and private clinics ( K.M Kassak et al. , 2000 ) . On the other side, some ethical issues such as physicians ‘ duty non to do injury to patients and to obtain their consent prior any intervention, alternatively of merely to protect a patient ‘s public assistance can act upon the doctor pick.2.6.2.2 Maternal pickSome female parents, chiefly the educated and celebrated 1s prefe r to give birth by C-section because they are scared of enduring for the vaginal birth. So this rise of C-section rate can be attributed to adult females ‘s lifestyle pick. Because of this ground, C-sectionrate in private infirmaries is frequently higher than public infirmaries. Further, harmonizing to some surveies about â€Å" cesarian civilization of Brazil † , other grounds are found ( Giguere, 2007 ) : Due to modern and advanced, technological intercessions, adult females perceived C-section as safer and more comfy labour with better quality of wellness attention They want to avoid the hazard of perineal harm due to normal bringing that can impact adult females sexual map after childbearing. On the other side, the prevalence of maternal penchant vary widely harmonizing to the state context. A survey in Hong Kong ( Selina & A ; al, 2007 ) found a low prevalence of 16.7 % for the maternal pick and the chief ground was their sensed it safer for the baby.In another survey, Iran the rate was 22 % ( Alimohanmadian, Manak, Mahmoodi, & A ; Faterneh, 2007 ) .2.6.2.3 Profile of physicians preferring Cesarean deliveryIn general The increasing cesarian rate can besides be attributed to an undue doctor ‘s pick due to his fright to bear the hazard or fiscal inducement ( want to do more money ) . It can besides be due the patients demand. Furthermore, there are worldwide assorted clinicians sentiments about the petition of elected or exigency caesarean delivery. ( Mufti, MC Carthy A, & A ; Fisk N. M, 24 1996, p. 544 ) in a study, found out that 17 % of Obstetricians in London ( 31 % of female and 8 % of male ) prefer ekective caesarean delivery. Their pick wer chiefly based on the turning away of perineal harm from vaginal birth and the Rhode Island of hurt to the babe. Then 68 % choose cesarian bringing for cepalic presentation with an estimated weight greater than 4.5 Kg. Another similar survey ( Wagner, 2000, p. 1677 ) in USA, showed that 46,6 % accoucheurs prefer the Cesarean delivery with more males ( 56.5 % ) than females ( 32.6 % ) . And so 70 % delivered by C-sectio with an estimated weight greater than 4.6 Kg. However in ( McGurgan, Coulter-Smith, S. , & A ; O'Donovan, P.J. , 2001 ) survey, there are more females than males who chose eletcive caesarean delivery. Sing the matrimonial position, married clinicia ns do less exigency caesarean delivery than the non married 1s ( Turner, Young, Solomon, Ludlow, Benness, & A ; Phipps, 2008 ) . In add-on, clnicians request ( 21 % ) more cesrean bringing than accoucheuses ( 10 % ) and coloreectal sawboness urogynecologists are more lkely to bespeak C-section. Mali instance In Mali, the wellness forces in public installations are under salary based payment. The salary rate are based on the degree of preparation and the figure of old ages in service ( MCI, Octobre 2010 ) . Therefore doctors have no inducement to increase the C-section rate. In add-on when patients arrive at maternal wellness installations, they foremost contact are made with the accoucheuses and the medical pupils on responsibility. And so when it is a omplicated or particular instance which need the physician advice, they call him. Therefore the female parent petition for cesarea bringing to physicians are non observed in those public installations. The cesarian determination is merely taken by doctors based on medical grounds.

Socio-Economic and Political Conditions in Sparta and Athens After 800 B.C.E.

Ancient Greece was in a pretty bad shape during the period from 1200 to 800 B. C. E, which is referred as the Dark Age of the Greece. Eventually, after 800 B. C. E, Greeks started expanding their empire from the Mediterranean towards east as far as the Black Sea, and towards west as far as the Atlantic Ocean. At this time, two prominent city- states named Athens and Sparta stood as two pillars in the Greek history. Although these two city -states are geographically close to each other in Greece, they were rivals and shared many differences.However, some of the social conditions were similar in these two city -states. During the Archaic age (800- 500 B. C. E. ), these two city- states progressed tremendously both politically and economically. Even though the Greeks came out of the Dark Age and were expanding with prosperity, they faced new problems with growing population, hunger, and land shortage. Moreover, their lands were not fertile to feed the needs of the growing population, an d there was turmoil everywhere because of the tyranny of the aristocrats.To improve their economical, social, and political conditions, the Athenians and the Spartans created new political systems, introduced important reforms and stood as the role models in the Greek political development. The Spartans responded to the economic crisis by conquering Messene, their rich neighbor, in 715 B. C. E so that they can add the rich region’s resources. Sparta is a city -state in the southern part of Greece which was under the control of aristocracy. In fact, Sparta’s asset was its powerful military, and it is the protector of Greece.Spartans oppressed the Messenian slaves after their revolt against the Spartans. In order to appease the non- nobles, who demanded equal rights, as they assisted the Spartans in the war, the aristocrats later, reformed the state system to â€Å"Lycurgan regimen. † According to this reform, all Spartans were given equal rights, and the state wa s ruled by two kings with the assistance from the nobles. Taking into consideration the economic situations in Sparta, the Messenian slaves called â€Å"Helots† did all the physical work while the men of Sparta devoted their lives for the military.Boys in their young age were forced into military training. Although family life was important to Spartans, their social life was compromised as men spent much of their lives in the military. So they established close relationships with other men in the military. The main aim of the Spartan men was to be trained as the best infantrymen and sacrifice their lives in the battle. Spartan women were good wives who devoted their lives in bearing children and had rights to own property.In the same way, Athenians implemented law of codes, reforms, and adopted democracy with the help of prominent and thoughtful aristocrats and ascended from the economic and political distress and oppression of the aristocrats. In the late sixth century B. C. E, Draco, an aristocrat, published the first law of code which asserts that law belonged to all citizens, Later, Solon, an aristocrat who became â€Å"archon,† a chief magistrate of Polis, reformed the prevailing social conditions by freeing the slaves, recalling exiles, and made enslavement for debt illegal.He thus introduced democratic ideals into their political system in response to the tyranny of the aristocrats and nobles on small farmers and landowners. Although Athens was under the aristocratic rule in the beginning, it later adopted the democratic form of government under the leadership of a prominent aristocrat named Cleisthenes. Undoubtedly, Athenians were the first to introduce democratic sovereign and legislation with a council (â€Å"Boule†) and an assembly of citizens (â€Å"Ecclesia†). They also developed their infrastructure, and â€Å"Acropolis† clearly reveals their love for architecture.Young boys were not forced into military and wer e given opportunity to excel in education, arts, and other talents. The Athenians enjoyed better social life than the Spartans, and family life was important. Like Spartan men, Athenian men maintained close relationships with other men. Women were confined to giving birth and raising children along with other household chores, and they were considered inferior to men. Unlike the Spartan women, they had less freedom. Even though Athenians adopted democracy, women and slaves have limited rights and were not granted citizenship. Ancient Greeks rose from their dark age in 800 B. C. E.  and started expanding their empire in the neighboring regions.With their progress several economic and social tensions appeared such as population growth, hunger, and food shortage. In response to this economic and social distress, the two city-states, Athens and Sparta, with their own distinctive social structure, developed into two significant political systems. Athenians emphasized not only on firm p olitical development, education, and culture but also on individual freedom and justice. Democracy and legislation with two presiding bodies were introduced into their political system and even the poor were allowed to vote in the election.On the contrary, Spartans focused on training their youth as soldiers and thus strengthened their military. With the military power they conquered their resourceful neighboring region, Messene, and later reformed their state system with two ruling kings and five noble overseers. Their reform system also presented equal rights to all Spartans. The above discussed political and social reforms were necessary for both the city-states at that time of chaos in order to survive. Even though they underwent many deadly conflicts, Athens and Sparta established themselves as prominent city-states in the political development of ancient Greek history. Socio-Economic and Political Conditions in Sparta and Athens After 800 B.C.E. Ancient Greece was in a pretty bad shape during the period from 1200 to 800 B. C. E, which is referred as the Dark Age of the Greece. Eventually, after 800 B. C. E, Greeks started expanding their empire from the Mediterranean towards east as far as the Black Sea, and towards west as far as the Atlantic Ocean. At this time, two prominent city- states named Athens and Sparta stood as two pillars in the Greek history. Although these two city -states are geographically close to each other in Greece, they were rivals and shared many differences.However, some of the social conditions were similar in these two city -states. During the Archaic age (800- 500 B. C. E. ), these two city- states progressed tremendously both politically and economically. Even though the Greeks came out of the Dark Age and were expanding with prosperity, they faced new problems with growing population, hunger, and land shortage. Moreover, their lands were not fertile to feed the needs of the growing population, an d there was turmoil everywhere because of the tyranny of the aristocrats.To improve their economical, social, and political conditions, the Athenians and the Spartans created new political systems, introduced important reforms and stood as the role models in the Greek political development. The Spartans responded to the economic crisis by conquering Messene, their rich neighbor, in 715 B. C. E so that they can add the rich region’s resources. Sparta is a city -state in the southern part of Greece which was under the control of aristocracy. In fact, Sparta’s asset was its powerful military, and it is the protector of Greece.Spartans oppressed the Messenian slaves after their revolt against the Spartans. In order to appease the non- nobles, who demanded equal rights, as they assisted the Spartans in the war, the aristocrats later, reformed the state system to â€Å"Lycurgan regimen. † According to this reform, all Spartans were given equal rights, and the state wa s ruled by two kings with the assistance from the nobles. Taking into consideration the economic situations in Sparta, the Messenian slaves called â€Å"Helots† did all the physical work while the men of Sparta devoted their lives for the military.Boys in their young age were forced into military training. Although family life was important to Spartans, their social life was compromised as men spent much of their lives in the military. So they established close relationships with other men in the military. The main aim of the Spartan men was to be trained as the best infantrymen and sacrifice their lives in the battle. Spartan women were good wives who devoted their lives in bearing children and had rights to own property.In the same way, Athenians implemented law of codes, reforms, and adopted democracy with the help of prominent and thoughtful aristocrats and ascended from the economic and political distress and oppression of the aristocrats. In the late sixth century B. C. E, Draco, an aristocrat, published the first law of code which asserts that law belonged to all citizens, Later, Solon, an aristocrat who became â€Å"archon,† a chief magistrate of Polis, reformed the prevailing social conditions by freeing the slaves, recalling exiles, and made enslavement for debt illegal.He thus introduced democratic ideals into their political system in response to the tyranny of the aristocrats and nobles on small farmers and landowners. Although Athens was under the aristocratic rule in the beginning, it later adopted the democratic form of government under the leadership of a prominent aristocrat named Cleisthenes. Undoubtedly, Athenians were the first to introduce democratic sovereign and legislation with a council (â€Å"Boule†) and an assembly of citizens (â€Å"Ecclesia†). They also developed their infrastructure, and â€Å"Acropolis† clearly reveals their love for architecture.Young boys were not forced into military and wer e given opportunity to excel in education, arts, and other talents. The Athenians enjoyed better social life than the Spartans, and family life was important. Like Spartan men, Athenian men maintained close relationships with other men. Women were confined to giving birth and raising children along with other household chores, and they were considered inferior to men. Unlike the Spartan women, they had less freedom. Even though Athenians adopted democracy, women and slaves have limited rights and were not granted citizenship.Ancient Greeks rose from their dark age in 800 B. C. E.  and started expanding their empire in the neighboring regions. With their progress several economic and social tensions appeared such as population growth, hunger, and food shortage. In response to this economic and social distress, the two city-states, Athens and Sparta, with their own distinctive social structure, developed into two significant political systems. Athenians emphasized not only on firm p olitical development, education, and culture but also on individual freedom and justice. Democracy and legislation with two presiding bodies were introduced into their political system and even the poor were allowed to vote in the election.On the contrary, Spartans focused on training their youth as soldiers and thus strengthened their military. With the military power they conquered their resourceful neighboring region, Messene, and later reformed their state system with two ruling kings and five noble overseers. Their reform system also presented equal rights to all Spartans. The above discussed political and social reforms were necessary for both the city-states at that time of chaos in order to survive. Even though they underwent many deadly conflicts, Athens and Sparta established themselves as prominent city-states in the political development of ancient Greek history.

Promote child and young person Development Essay

Children and young people need an environment which is most likely to promote effective and confident child development where they can experience and environment of mutual respect and trust and open communication. We as practitioners need to reflect on our own practice where we can evaluate the contribution we have made to the support of child development and find ways that we can improve our practice. When reflecting on our practice we need to look at the ways in which we communicate with the children and young people such as varying with different methods of communications through a range of activities referring the stages of their development. We do this in our setting by looking at the plans and linking the activity to the EYFS and looking closely to new vocabulary and proposed learning outcomes that we will focus on whilst doing the activity. Good practice would be to evaluate the activity after the week and then look back at what you did or didn’t do such as explain new shapes and positional language in a physical activity. In our setting we will always ask each other, as colleagues, to see if they would like to input anything and just for a little reassurance that you are doing something the correct way and beneficial for the children. Bad practice would be to not allow the children to be experimental with the activity and for the activity to be purely adult led, this would not allow the children’s development to grow and progress. We will try to avoid situations in which children receive adult attention only in return for undesirable behaviour. Children crave attention whether it is positive or negative. If we give them this they may not feel the need to behave badly. We make sure that bad behaviour is not taken away from the rest of the group and that no one is singled out for their attention. We set these clear behaviour boundaries and rules so that the setting is able to run effectively with all the team members working towards the same aim. The children will also feel more secure and confident if they know what is expected of them, what is or isn’t acceptable. Being positive role models will help the children look up to us for guidance and to also copy the behaviour they witness therefore it is of great importance that we promote good behaviour by being polite, friendly, kind etc. How we treat unacceptable behaviour Physical punishment such as smacking or shaking will be neither used nor threatened within our setting. This is highly inappropriate and of course illegal and it could also be extremely frightening for children. Children will never be sent out of the room on their own as this would be very upsetting for the child and potentially very dangerous as anything could happen to them. They must be accompanied with an adult at all times. Techniques intended to single out and humiliate individuals will not be used. This will also be very upsetting for the child and very humiliating for them, so we at Priory Pre-school have a ‘’thinking chair’’ in place. This is for the children to think about their bad behaviour. Once they have had time to think, we will talk to them and make them understand what they have done was not nice and could have potentially hurt another child. We will always let them express themselves and the teacher will always listen to the child to allow them to explain why they did the bad behaviour. This will allow the teacher to find out more information about the incident. If a serious behavioural incident would occur such as racial or abuse, the behaviour will be made clear immediately by explanations from the children and not by blaming anyone. It is very important to make sure that the behaviour they are doing is not welcome at the pre-school and not the child themselves. It is important to quickly move on from the bad behaviour once dealt with and then concentrate on the child’s good behaviour. Adults will not raise their voices in a threatening manner as this would be frightening to the child. Talking and explaining to a child will be much more beneficial. We make sure that cultural expectations are regarded in the pre-school and to make sure that their wishes are met as it would be inappropriate for us to go against th em. We remember that all of the children at our pre-school are different and will react differently to being told off for their misbehaviour. Re-occurring behaviour problems will be tackled by the whole pre-school and the child’s parents using objective observation records to try to understand the cause of the situation. It is important to record observations to gain a larger picture of why the behaviour is occurring and the records could show numerous reasons and could possibly show a pattern of behaviour. We will  always keep the child’s parents informed about how we are managing it and the progress of the child. It helps to let the parent know as the parent can continue the same practices as what we at the pre-school will use. A multi-agency approach is the best way of ensuring that all of the child or young person’s developmental needs are met. Using multi agencies, such as community centres, institutions and services is very important when working with childre n and young people as it is an effective way of supporting the children, young people and their families and parents and carers with additional needs and helps to secure an improved outcome. For example, in our setting we have an educational psychiatrist who comes in and visits every term to help go through the Individual Education Plan (IEP) for two children to review the current plan and set new targets to improve their learning, these are specifically for children with special educational needs (SENCO). By visiting these agencies and working closely with professionals like this, it can support the early intervention process for children and young people to prevent problems occurring in the first place, or resolve present problems which in term will reduce the amount of referrals being made. By working with agencies, it will allow practitioners to work in an inclusive way by looking closely at the need of every child and young person and making sure they are valued and supported to ensure active participation in all areas of the curriculum. In our local community we use a few local agencies such as Houghton Regis Community Centre and Downside Community Centre who allow parents to visit them for meetings for extra help on how to promote good child development and general care taking for their children.